Buku Limene Mungathe Kulikhulupirira—Gawo 1

Zimene Baibulo Limanena Zokhudza Ufumu wa Iguputo

Baibulo linatenga zaka zoposa 1,600 kuti lilembedwe. Mbiri yake komanso ulosi wake umanena za maufumu 7 amene analamulirapo dziko lonse. Maufumuwo ndi Iguputo, Asuri, Babulo, Amedi ndi Aperisiya, Girisi, Roma, ndi ulamuliro wa Britain ndi America. Kuyambira ndi magazini ino, tifotokoza za ufumu uliwonse mu nkhani 7 zotsatizana. Cholinga cha nkhanizi n’kusonyeza kuti Baibulo ndi lodalirika komanso kuti linauziridwa ndi Mulungu. Zalembedwanso n’cholinga chosonyeza kuti uthenga wa m’Baibulo umatipatsa chiyembekezo chakuti mavuto onse amene ulamuliro wa anthu wabweretsa, adzatha.

DZIKO la Iguputo, lomwe limatchuka chifukwa cha manda amene ankaikamo mafumu ake (mapiramidi) komanso mtsinje wa Nile, ndi ufumu woyamba wotchulidwa m’Baibulo umene unalamulirapo dziko lonse. Mtundu wa Isiraeli unayambira m’dziko limeneli. Ndipo Mose, amene analemba mabuku asanu oyambirira a m’Baibulo, anabadwira ku Iguputo ndiponso maphunziro ake anapangira m’dziko lomweli. Kodi mabuku a mbiri yakale komanso zinthu zimene akatswiri ofukula zinthu zakale apeza zimagwirizana ndi zimene Mose ananena zokhudza ufumu wa Iguputo? Taonani zinthu zotsatirazi.

Mbiri Yodalirika

Mayina a udindo komanso a zinthu. Kuti mudziwe ngati buku lofotokoza mbiri yakale lili lolondola, mumaonera mmene likufotokozera zinthu zokhudza miyambo, kusonyezana ulemu, mayina a anthu, maudindo a akuluakulu a boma, ndi zina zotero. Tikatengera zimenezi, kodi mabuku awiri oyambirira a m’Baibulo, Genesis ndi Ekisodo, ndi olondola? Ponena za mmene buku la Genesis limafotokozera nkhani ya Yosefe mwana wa Yakobo, komanso zimene buku la Ekisodo limanena, John Garrow Duncan analemba m’buku lake kuti: “[Munthu amene analemba nkhaniyi m’Baibulo] ankadziwa bwino kwambiri chilankhulo, miyambo, zikhulupiriro, moyo wa kunyumba ya mfumu, maulemu ake ndi zimene akuluakulu a boma ankachita ku Iguputo.” Iye ananenanso kuti: “[Mlembiyu] ankalemba mayina oyenerera a udindo amene ankagwiritsidwa ntchito pa nthawi imene nkhaniyo inkachitika. . . . Ndipotu, mfundo imene imatitsimikizira kwambiri zoti anthu amene analemba Chipangano Chakale analembadi zolondola ndipo ankadziwa bwino kwambiri zinthu zimene zinkachitika ku Iguputo, ndi yakuti iwo ankagwiritsa ntchito mawu akuti Farao pa nthawi zosiyanasiyana.” Duncan ananenanso kuti: “Wolemba nkhaniyi akamafotokoza za anthu amene anakaonekera pamaso pa Farao, ankagwiritsa ntchito mawu osonyeza kuti anthuwo ankapereka ulemu wogwirizana ndi ulemu umene Farao ankapatsidwa pa nthawiyo, ndiponso ankagwiritsa ntchito mawu ogwirizana ndi mawu amene anthu ankagwiritsa ntchito polankhula ndi Farao.”—New Light on Hebrew Origins.

Kuumba njerwa. Pa nthawi imene Aisiraeli anali pa ukapolo ku Iguputo, ankaumba njerwa ndi dothi losakaniza ndi udzu. Udzuwo unkathandiza kuti njerwazo zisamasweke. (Ekisodo 1:14; 5:6-18) * Zaka zingapo m’mbuyomu, buku lina lonena za zinthu  zimene zinkagwiritsidwa ntchito ku Iguputo, linati: “Ku Iguputo n’kumene anthu amagwiritsa ntchito kwambiri njerwa kuposa mayiko ena ambiri. Mpaka pano, nyumba zambiri m’dzikolo n’zanjerwa.” Bukuli linanenanso kuti “Aiguputo ankagwiritsa ntchito udzu poumba njerwa.” Zimenezi zikugwirizana ndi zimene zinalembedwa m’Baibulo.

Kumeta ndevu. Kale amuna achiheberi ankasunga ndevu. Koma Baibulo limanena kuti Yosefe anameta ndevu asanakaonekere pamaso pa Farao. (Genesis 41:14) N’chifukwa chiyani anameta? Anafuna kutsatira chikhalidwe cha Aiguputo, omwe ankaona kuti kusunga ndevu ndi uve. Buku lina linati: “[Aiguputo] ankadzigomera kuti ndi anthu odziwa kumeta ndevu.” (Everyday Life in Ancient Egypt) Ndipo m’manda ena a ku Iguputo apezamo tizikwama tokhala ndi malezala, tizitsulo tozulira nsidze, ndi magalasi oonera. Choncho, zikuonekeratu kuti Mose analemba nkhani zake molondola kwambiri. N’chimodzimodzinso ndi olemba Baibulo ena amene analemba zinthu zina zokhudzana ndi dziko la Iguputo.

Ntchito zamalonda. Yeremiya, amene analemba mabuku awiri a Mafumu, anafotokoza mwatsatanetsatane za malonda a mahatchi ndi magaleta, amene Mfumu Solomo inkachita ndi Aiguputo komanso Ahiti. Baibulo limati galeta limodzi linkagulitsidwa pa mtengo wa “ndalama zasiliva 600. Hatchi . . . pamtengo wa ndalama zasiliva 150.” Zimenezi zikutanthauza kuti ndi ndalama zogulira mahatchi anayi, munthu ankatha kugula galeta limodzi.—1 Mafumu 10:29.

Buku lina lofotokoza zinthu zakale zofukulidwa pansi linanena kuti zolemba za munthu wina wolemba mbiri yakale wa ku Greece, dzina lake Herodotus, komanso zinthu zakale zimene akatswiri afukula pansi, zikutsimikizira kuti pa nthawi ya ulamuliro wa Solomo kunali bizinezi yotentha yogulitsa mahatchi ndi magaleta. Ndipotu bukuli linanenanso kuti “zinali zodziwika bwino kuti mtengo wa mahatchi anayi . . . unali wofanana ndi wa galeta limodzi la ku Iguputo.” Zimenezi zikugwirizana ndi mitengo imene inatchulidwa m’Baibulo.

Nkhondo. Yeremiya ndi Ezara anatchulanso zoti Farao Sisaki anaukira dziko la Yuda, ndipo analemba kuti zimenezi zinachitika “m’chaka chachisanu cha Mfumu Rehobowamu” ya ku Yuda, kapena kuti m’chaka cha 993 B.C.E. (1 Mafumu 14:25-28; 2 Mbiri 12:1-12) Kwa nthawi yaitali, ndi m’Baibulo mokha mmene munkatchulidwa za nkhondo imeneyi. Kenako umboni wina unapezeka pachithunzi chomwe chinajambulidwa pakhoma la kachisi winawake mumzinda wa Karnak (womwe kale unkatchedwa Thebes), m’dziko la Iguputo.

Chithunzichi chimasonyeza Sisaki ataimirira pamaso pa mulungu wotchedwa Amoni, atakweza dzanja lake m’mwamba ngati kuti akupha anthu ogwidwa kunkhondo. Komanso pali mayina a mizinda ya  ku Isiraeli imene inagonjetsedwa pa nthawiyi. Yambiri mwa mizinda imeneyi inatchulidwanso m’Baibulo. Pachithunzipa analembaponso za “Munda wa Abulamu.” Chithunzichi ndi chinthu chakale kwambiri pa zinthu zonse za ku Iguputo zimene zimatchula za Abulahamu, amene amatchulidwanso m’Baibulo.—Genesis 25:7-10.

Apa n’zoonekeratu kuti olemba Baibulo sanalembe nkhani zongopeka. Anthuwa ankaopa Mulungu choncho analemba zinthu zoona zokhazokha. Iwo ankalemba ngakhale zinthu zimene zinali zowachititsa manyazi, monga kugonjetsedwa kwa dziko la Yuda ndi mfumu Sisaki. N’zochititsa chidwi kuti olemba Baibulowa ankalemba moona mtima chonchi, chifukwa n’zosiyana kwambiri ndi mmene ankalembera olemba a ku Iguputo. Olemba a ku Iguputo ankakokomeza ndiponso kusintha zinthu zina ndi zina m’nkhani zawo, ndipo sankalemba nkhani iliyonse yomwe ikanachititsa manyazi atsogoleri awo kapena anthu a mtundu wawo.

Ulosi Wodalirika

Ndi Yehova Mulungu yekha, Mlembi wa Baibulo, amene anganeneretu zam’tsogolo n’kuchitikadi ndendende. Mwachitsanzo, taonani zimene Yeremiya analemba mouziridwa ndi Mulungu za mizinda iwiri ya ku Iguputo, Memphis ndi Thebes. Mzinda wa Memphis, kapena kuti Nofi, pa nthawi ina unali wotchuka kwambiri pa nkhani zamalonda, zandale ndi zachipembedzo. Koma Mulungu ananena kuti: “Mzinda wa Nofi udzakhala chinthu chodabwitsa ndipo adzautentha, moti simudzapezeka aliyense wokhalamo.” (Yeremiya 46:19) Ndipo n’zimene zinachitikadi. Buku lina lofotokoza zimene Mose anachita linanena kuti “mabwinja aakulu kwambiri a mzinda wa Memphis” anasakazidwa ndi Aluya amene anaphwanyaphwanya miyala ya pamalowa n’kutengapo dothi lakelo. Bukuli linapitirizanso kuti masiku ano, “pamalo amene panali mzinda wakalewu, sipaoneka mwala ndi umodzi womwe pamwamba pa dothi lake lakuda.”

Nawonso mzinda wa Thebes, womwe poyamba unkadziwika kuti No-amoni, kapena kungoti No, unawonongedwa pamodzi ndi milungu yake yopanda phindu. Ponena za mzinda umenewu, womwe pa nthawi ina unali likulu la dziko la Iguputo ndiponso likulu lolambirira mulungu wotchedwa Amoni, Yehova anati: “Ine ndilanga Amoni . . . Farao, Iguputo pamodzi ndi milungu yake . . . Ndidzapereka anthu a ku Iguputo m’manja mwa . . . Nebukadirezara mfumu ya Babulo.” (Yeremiya 46:25, 26) Mogwirizana ndi ulosiwu, mfumu ya Babuloyi inagonjetsa dziko la Iguputo ndi mzinda wake wotchuka wa No-amoni. Kenako mfumu ya Perisiya, Kambisesi Wachiwiri, inaukiranso mzindawo m’chaka cha 525 B.C.E., ndipo kuyambira nthawi imeneyi, mzindawu unayamba kulowa pansi mpaka pamene unawonongedweratu ndi Aroma. Kunena zoona, Baibulo n’losiyana kwambiri ndi mabuku ena chifukwa lili ndi maulosi amene anakwaniritsidwa ndendende. Zimenezi zimatitsimikizira kuti zimene Baibulo linalosera, koma sizinachitikebe, zidzachitikadi.

Chiyembekezo Chodalirika

Ulosi woyamba wa m’Baibulo unalembedwa ndi Mose pa nthawi imene ufumu wa Iguputo unkalamulira  padziko lonse. * Ulosiwu umapezeka pa Genesis 3:15 ndipo umafotokoza kuti Mulungu adzatulutsa “mbewu,” imene idzaphwanye Satana ndi “mbewu” yake. Mbewu ya Satana imaimira onse amene amatengera zochita zoipa za Satana. (Yohane 8:44; 1 Yohane 3:8) Yesu Khristu, yemwe ndi Mesiya, ndiye mbali yoyamba ya “mbewu” ya Mulungu.—Luka 2:9-14.

Ulamuliro wa Khristu udzasintha zinthu padziko lonse. Udzachotsa zoipa zonse komanso maboma ankhanza a anthu. Palibe ‘munthu amene adzapweteke munthu mnzake pomulamulira.’ (Mlaliki 8:9) Ndiponso, mofanana ndi Yoswa amene anatsogolera Aisiraeli pokalowa m’Dziko Lolonjezedwa, Yesu adzatsogolera “khamu lalikulu” la anthu oopa Mulungu kuti akalowe m’dziko lapansi latsopano loyeretsedwa, limene lidzasanduke paradaiso. Dziko limeneli lidzakhala labwino kwambiri kuposa mmene Dziko Lolonjezedwa linalili.—Chivumbulutso 7:9, 10, 14, 17; Luka 23:43.

Chiyembekezo chabwino kwambiri chimenechi chimatikumbutsa za ulosi winanso wolembedwa pa nthawi ya ulamuliro wa Iguputo. Ulosiwu umapezeka pa Yobu 33:24, 25, ndipo umanena kuti Mulungu adzapulumutsa anthu “m’dzenje,” kapena kuti m’manda, poukitsa akufa. Inde, kuwonjezera pa anthu amene adzapulumuke chiwonongeko cha anthu oipa chimene chikubwerachi, anthu enanso mamiliyoni ambiri amene anafa adzaukitsidwa ndipo adzakhala ndi moyo wosatha padziko lapansi laparadaiso. (Machitidwe 24:15) Lemba la Chivumbulutso 21:3, 4, limati: “Chihema cha Mulungu chili pakati pa anthu. Iye adzapukuta misozi yonse m’maso mwawo, ndipo imfa sidzakhalaponso. Sipadzakhalanso kulira, kapena kubuula, ngakhale kupweteka.”

Tingathe kuona kuti mbiri komanso ulosi wa m’Baibulo ndi zolondola. Tipitiriza kuona zimenezi m’nkhani yachiwiri, yomwe idzafotokoze za ufumu wa Asuri. Umenewu unali ufumu wachiwiri kulamulira dziko lonse.

[Mawu a M’munsi]

[Bokosi/Chithunzi patsamba 18]

MWALA WA MERNEPTAH

Mu 1896, akatswiri ofukula zinthu zakale anapeza mwala umene umadziwika kuti mwala wa Merneptah. Mwalawu ndi wakuda ndipo anaupeza m’kachisi yemwe ankaikamo anthu akufa ku Iguputo. Pamwalapo analembapo mawu otamanda mfumu Merneptah ya ku Iguputo chifukwa cha anthu amene inawagonjetsa. Mfumuyi akuti inalamulira chakumapeto kwa zaka za m’ma 1200 B.C.E. Pamwalapa analembaponso nyimbo yomwe mawu ake ena amati: “Dziko la Isiraeli lasakazidwa, ndipo mbewu yake yatha.” Zimene zinalembedwa pamwalawu ndi zokhazo zimene zimatchula Isiraeli pa zolembedwa zonse zakale za ku Iguputo. Komanso kupatulapo Baibulo, zolembedwa zimenezi ndi zakale kwambiri pa zolembedwa zonse zimene zimatchula Isiraeli.

Mwalawu unalembedwa pa nthawi ya Oweruza amene amatchulidwa m’buku la m’Baibulo la Oweruza. Komabe, mosiyana ndi nkhani zotamanda Afarao, buku la Oweruza limafotokoza zinthu zimene Aisiraeli anachita bwino komanso zimene sanachite bwino. Ponena za zimene sanachite bwino, lemba la Oweruza 2:11, 12 limati: “Ana a Isiraeli anayamba kuchita zinthu zoipa pamaso pa Yehova, n’kuyamba kutumikira Abaala [milungu ya Akanani]. Iwo anasiya Yehova . . . amene anawatulutsa m’dziko la Iguputo.” Baibulo lonse, osati buku la Oweruza lokha, limafotokoza zinthu moona mtima chonchi.

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

Todd Bolen/Bible Places.com

[Zithunzi patsamba 16]

Njerwa zosawotcha zomwe ankaziumbira limodzi ndi udzu zimagwiritsidwabe ntchito mpaka pano ku Iguputo

[Chithunzi patsamba 16]

Lezala ndi galasi loonera, zina mwa zinthu zimene anthu a ku Iguputo ankagwiritsa ntchito pometa ndevu

[Chithunzi patsamba 16]

Mayina a mizinda ya ku Isiraeli imene inagonjetsedwa ndi Aiguputo analembedwa pakhoma la kachisi wa ku Karnak

[Chithunzi pamasamba 16, 17]

Chosema chachikulu kwambiri ichi, chomwe chinapezeka kufupi ndi mzinda wa Memphis, chinali chachitali mamita 12 chisanagwe

[Mawu a Chithunzi patsamba 15]

Egypt, Pharaoh; and Rome, Nero: Photograph taken by courtesy of the British Museum; Medo-Persia, wall relief: Musée du Louvre, Paris

[Mawu a Chithunzi patsamba 16]

Shaving kit: © The Metropolitan Museum of Art/Art Resource, NY; Karnak relief: Pictorial Archive (Near Eastern History) Est.; Memphis statue: Courtesy Daniel Mayer/Creative Commons