Umboni Wakuti Kuli Mlengi

TIYEREKEZE kuti mwapita kuchilumba chinachake kutali kwambiri komwe sikukhala anthu. Mukuyenda m’mphepete mwa nyanja, mukuona mwala wolembedwa kuti “John 1800.” Kodi mungaganize kuti mawuwo analembedwa pamwalapo ndi mphepo kapena madzi osefukira? Ngakhale kuti kuchilumbako sikukhala anthu, simungaganize choncho. Mungakhulupirire kuti munthu winawake analemba mawuwo. N’chifukwa chiyani mungakhulupirire zimenezo? Choyamba, n’zosatheka kuti zilembo komanso manambala paokha asanjane bwinobwino. Chachiwiri, n’zovuta kuti mawu okhala ndi tanthauzo akhalepo okha popanda munthu winawake wanzeru kuwalemba.

Tsiku lililonse anthufe timamva uthenga kapena malangizo amene amaperekedwa m’njira zosiyanasiyana, mwina pogwiritsa ntchito mawu, zithunzi, zizindikiro, ndi zinthu zina zotero. Kaya malangizowo aperekedwa pogwiritsa ntchito njira yotani, anthu sakayikira zoti pali winawake amene anakonza malangizowo. Muselo mumapezekanso malangizo ogometsa kwambiri. Koma anthu ena safuna kukhulupirira zoti malangizo amenewa, anachita kuikidwamo ndi winawake. Anthu amene amakhulupirira kuti zamoyo zinachita kusintha kuchokera ku zinthu zina amati malangizo amenewa anangokhalapo okha. Koma kodi zimenezi ndi zomveka? Taonani mfundo zotsatirazi.

Kodi Malangizo a Muselo Anangokhalapo Okha?

DNA imapezeka mkati mwenimweni mwa selo ndipo imaoneka ngati makwerero opiringizana. Mu DNA ndi mmene mumakhala malangizo onse okhudza mmene munthu adzaonekere. DNA imapangidwa ndi tinthu tamitundumitundu timene asayansi anatipatsa zilembo izi: A, C, G ndi T. * Mofanana ndi zilembo za afabeti, zomwe zimapanga mawu omveka zikasanjidwa bwino, zilembo zimenezi zimasanjidwa mosiyanasiyana n’kupanga malangizo okhudza mmene ziwalo zosiyanasiyana za thupi lathu zingapangidwire.

Zilembo za mu DNA ya munthu aliyense zimasanjidwa mosiyanako ndi za mu DNA ya munthu wina. N’chifukwa chake anthufe sitikhala ndi maso, mphuno ndiponso khungu lofanana ndendende. Choncho, DNA ya munthu aliyense ili ngati laibulale yokhala ndi mabuku ambirimbiri a malangizo okhudza mmene munthuyo adzaonekere.

Kodi “laibulale” imeneyi ndi yaikulu bwanji? Bungwe lina linanena kuti laibulale imeneyi ikhoza kukhala ndi mabuku okwana 200, lililonse lokhala  ndi masamba 1,000 ndipo zilembo zonse za m’mabukuwa zitasonkhanitsidwa pamodzi zikhoza kukwana 3 biliyoni.—Human Genome Project.

Zimenezi zikutikumbutsa pemphero la m’Baibulo limene linalembedwa zaka pafupifupi 3,000 zapitazo pa Salimo 139:16. Lembali limati: “Maso anu anandiona pamene ndinali mluza, ndipo ziwalo zanga zonse zinalembedwa m’buku lanu.” Ngakhale kuti munthu amene analemba mawuwa sanali katswiri wa sayansi, zimene ananena n’zolondola ndipo zingatithandize kuona kuti Mulungu ndi wanzeru zogometsa komanso wamphamvu. Zimene iye anafotokoza palembali n’zosiyana kwambiri ndi mfundo zimene zimafotokozedwa m’mabuku ena achipembedzo akale.

Ndani Analemba Malangizowa?

Ngati tikukhulupirira kuti pali winawake amene analemba pamwala paja mawu akuti “John 1800,” kodi si nzeru kukhulupiriranso kuti malangizo ogometsa amene ali mu DNA anaikidwamo ndi winawake wanzeru? Katswiri wina wa makompyuta, dzina lake Donald E. Johnson, ananena kuti mfundo yakuti malangizo ogometsa kwambiri amene amapezeka mu DNA anangokhalapo okha, ndi yosagwirizana ndi sayansi. Ndipotu chinthu chikakhala chogometsa kwambiri timadziwa kuti amene anachipangayo ndi wanzeru kwambiri. Ngakhale mwana wamng’ono akhoza kulemba mawu akuti “John 1800,” koma ndi Mulungu yekha amene angakwanitse kupanga DNA ndi malangizo ake ogometsa kwambiri. Magazini ina yonena za chilengedwe inati: “Pamene tikuphunzira zambiri zokhudza zinthu zamoyo, m’pamenenso tikupeza kuti pali zinthu zambiri zovuta kumvetsa.”—Nature.

Choncho n’zosamveka kunena kuti malangizo ogometsa amene amapezeka mu DNA anangokhalapo okha. * Ndipotu anthu amene amanena kuti malangizo amenewa anangokhalapo okha amangokhulupirira zinthu zopanda umboni wokwanira.

Chifukwa chosafuna kukhulupirira kuti kuli Mulungu amene analenga zinthu zimene timaona, anthu amene amati zamoyo zinachita kusintha aphunzitsapo zinthu zimene pambuyo pake zinapezeka kuti ndi zabodza. Mwachitsanzo, poyamba anthu amenewa ankanena kuti mbali yaikulu ya DNA (98 peresenti) ndi yopanda ntchito.

Kodi Ndi Zoona Kuti Mbali Yaikulu ya DNA ndi “Yopanda Ntchito”?

Kwa nthawi yaitali, akatswiri a zinthu zamoyo akhala akunena kuti ntchito yaikulu ya DNA ndi kupanga mapulotini basi. Koma m’kupita  kwa nthawi anapeza kuti 2 peresenti yokha ya zinthu zimene zimapezeka mu DNA ndi imene imapanga mapulotini. Nanga mbali ina yotsalayo imagwira ntchito yotani? Pulofesa wina wa kuyunivesite ya Queensland ku Brisbane, m’dziko la Australia, dzina lake John S. Mattick, ananena kuti: “Asayansi ankaganiza kuti mbali imeneyi ilibe ntchito.”

Wasayansi amene anayambitsa maganizo amenewa ndi Susumu Ohno. M’nkhani yake yamutu wakuti “Mbali Yaikulu ya DNA Yathu Ndi Yopanda Ntchito,” anati mbali imeneyi “ndi zinthu zotsala zimene zinakanika kugwira ntchito yake. M’nthaka muli zinthu zambiri zimene zinafa n’kuwola, ndiye n’zosadabwitsa kuti mu DNA mulinso zinthu zambiri zopanda ntchito.”

Kodi maganizo akuti mbali yaikulu ya DNA ndi yopanda ntchito anakhudza bwanji sayansi? Katswiri wina wa mmene zinthu zamoyo zimapangidwira, dzina lake Wojciech Makalowski, ananena kuti maganizo amenewa “anachititsa kuti asayansi ambiri asiye kufufuza zambiri zokhudza mbali ya DNA imene ena ankanena kuti ndi yosafunikayo.” Koma asayansi ena ochepa “sanachite mantha kuoneka opusa. Iwo anafufuza ntchito ya zinthu zimene ena amati n’zosafunikazo. Chifukwa cha khama lawo, maganizo akuti mbali ina ya DNA ndi yosafunika . . . anayamba kusintha chakumayambiriro kwa zaka za m’ma 1990.” Panopa, asayansi akuona kuti mbali imene ankaiona kuti ndi yopanda ntchito ija ndi yofunika kwambiri.

Malinga ndi zimene Mattick ananena, nkhani yakuti mbali ina ya DNA ndi yopanda ntchito ndi chitsanzo chabwino kwambiri cha zinthu zina zimene asayansi amakonda kunena “zimene zimalepheretsa anthu kufufuza zinthu bwinobwino kuti adziwe zolondola.” Iye ananenanso kuti: “Ngati asayansi atalephera kuzindikira bwinobwino kuopsa komangonena zinthu popanda umboni wokwanira, akhoza kudzalakwitsa chinthu chachikulu kwambiri.” Apa n’zoonekeratu kuti, tiyenera kukhulupirira zimene asayansi amanena ngati zinthuzo zili ndi umboni wokwanira, osati chifukwa chakuti anthu ambiri akuzikhulupirira. Ndiye kodi kafukufuku waposachedwapa wasonyeza chiyani zokhudza mbali ya DNA imene asayansi ena ankaganiza kuti ndi yopanda ntchito?

Zimene Mbali Imeneyi Imachita

Fakitale yopanga magalimoto imagwiritsa ntchito makina popanga mbali zosiyanasiyana za magalimotowo komanso kulumikiza mbali zonsezo pamodzi. Mbali zosiyanasiyana zimenezi tingaziyerekezere ndi mapulotini amene amapezeka m’selo. Koma fakitaleyo imafunikanso makina ena othandiza kuti ntchito yolumikizayo ichitike mwadongosolo. N’zimenenso zimachitika mkati mwa selo. Ofufuza apeza kuti ntchito imeneyi imagwiridwa ndi mbali ya DNA imene poyamba inkaoneka kuti ndi yopanda ntchito ija. Mbali imeneyi kwenikweni inapangidwa ndi molekyu yotchedwa RNA (ribonucleic acid), imene imathandiza kuti maselo azikula komanso kuti azigwira ntchito mwadongosolo. * Katswiri wina wamasamu, dzina lake Joshua Plotkin, ananena kuti: “Zimene tatulukira posachedwapa zoti m’selo muli ‘makina’ osonkhanitsa zinthu pamodzi ndi umboni wakuti zimene tikudziwa zokhudza selo n’zochepa kwambiri.”

Mufakitale mumafunikanso njira zosiyanasiyana zothandiza anthu kulankhulana. N’chimodzimodzinso ndi mkati mwa selo. Wasayansi wina wa kuyunivesite ya Toronto, m’dziko la Canada, dzina lake Tony Pawson, anati: “Selo limakhala ndi tinthu tambirimbiri tolumikizana mogometsa timene timanyamula mauthenga kupititsa ku mbali zosiyanasiyana mkati mwa selolo. Tikaganizira mfundo imeneyi, tikhoza kuvomereza zimene wasayansi wina wa kuyunivesite ya Princeton ananena. Iye anati: “Mpaka pano, sititha kumvetsa zinthu zambiri zimene zimachitika mkati mwa selo komanso zimene zimachititsa kuti maselo angapo azigwira ntchito pamodzi.”

Chinthu chilichonse chatsopano chimene asayansi akutulukira chokhudza selo, chikusonyeza kuti linapangidwa mwadongosolo komanso mogometsa kwambiri. Ndiye n’zodabwitsatu kuti anthu ambiri amakakamirabe mfundo yakuti malangizo ogometsa amene amapezeka mu DNA anangokhalapo okha.

[Mawu a M’munsi]

[Bokosi patsamba 5]

KODI DNA NDI YAITALI BWANJI?

DNA ya selo limodzi lokha imatha kutalika mpaka kufika mamita awiri. Mutati mutenge ma DNA a maselo onse a m’thupi mwanu, omwe alipo mathililiyoni ambiri, n’kuwalumikiza pamodzi, kutalika kwake kungafanane ndi maulendo 670 opita ku dzuwa n’kubwerera. Ndipo mutati muyende maulendo omwewa pa liwiro la makilomita 300,000 pa mphindi imodzi (liwiro lomwe kuwala kumayenda kuchoka kudzuwa kubwera padziko lapansi), maulendowa akhoza kukutengerani maola okwana 185.